LGC, the UK's National Measurement Institute for chemical and bioanalytical measurement, and Barts Cancer Institute are developing new ways to research the effects of selenium in cancer treatment.
The research project reflects the increasing awareness among cancer researchers that selenium may be beneficial, both in preventing cancer and in improving the efficacy of cancer therapies.
Selenium occurs in different chemical forms (species) which, depending on concentration and structural composition, vary in their nutritional value, biological effects and toxicity.
In-vitro studies using lymphoma cell lines have shown that low, non-toxic concentrations of methylseleninic acid (MSA), an organic selenium compound, can increase the efficacy of chemotherapeutic agents.
In order to understand the mechanisms by which this occurs, a combination of data provided by mass spectrometry and biological measurements is required.
Described in two recently published papers,(1,2) LGC scientists and researchers from Barts Cancer Institute are using both high-accuracy mass spectrometry procedures, such as LGC's newly developed HPLC-APEX-Q-ICP-MS method and novel electrochemiluminescence assays, to understand the mechanisms by which MSA increases the sensitivity of cancer cells to the effects of chemotherapeutic agents.
These research papers demonstrate the formation of intracellular dimethylselenide, a methylation product of methylselenol - an anticancer metabolite - which occurs more rapidly in lymphoma cells lines exposed to MSA compared to non-malignant cells.
Using novel HPLC-APEX-Q-ICP-MS, LGC scientists demonstrated a 12-fold lower limit of detection for target selenium species than those obtained by conventional methods.
In addition, the research indicated that maximum uptake of selenium by lymphoma cells was reached much earlier than in non-malignant cell lines and that target selenium species were present in much higher concentrations in the 'headspace' above the lymphoma cells.
These findings support the differences in the biological effects of non-toxic levels of selenium observed by the Barts Cancer Institute team, who have also shown that the selenium metabolites formed in cells can inhibit key enzymes implicated in lymphoma and other cancers.
Translation of the developed methods into the clinic is the next challenge and, if successful, the simple addition of selenium to standard chemotherapy could lead to more effective cancer treatment.
