The continually increasing success of Metrohm's Unitrode and Aquatrode Plus in pH measurement shows that the fixed ground joint is the more universal type of diaphragm
The fixed ground-joint diaphragm is suitable for a wide range of samples, from clear, ion-deficient solutions up to highly concentrated suspensions or emulsions.
Its greatest strength, however, is its precision: the fixed ground-joint diaphragm allows low-noise potential measurements that are only dependent on the ionic strength and stirring speed to a minimal extent, thus meeting crucial requirements for a rapid and precise titration.
