Challenge was sponsored by the Pentagon to encourage the development of robot-guided vehicles to make the transport of supplies in hazardous zones safer for humans
On 8 October 2005, a driverless Volkswagen Touareg SUV named Stanley completed a 132-mile (212km) course through the Mohave Desert in Nevada in six hours and 53 minutes to win a $2million prize.
The contest, known as the Darpa 2005 Grand Challenge, was sponsored by the Pentagon to encourage the development of robot-guided vehicles to make the transport of supplies in hazardous zones safer for humans.
The winning vehicle, a self-navigating Touareg with modifications designed by the Stanford Racing Team, was equipped with an array of technical devices, including GPS, Ladar (laser distance and ranging), custom application software, and Intel Blade servers, and featured a Jai Pulnix TMC-6700CL colour camera and Cam2Net gigabit ethernet adapter as part of its roof-mounted navigation system.
The Darpa (Defense Advanced Project Research Agency) 2005 Grand Challenge is the second such challenge issued.
The first Grand Challenge, (Darpa 2004) did not award a winner.
For 2005, Darpa doubled the prize from $1M to $2M, and increased the length and difficulty of the course.
The result for 2005 was that only five of 23 entries finished the course, and only four of those who finished did so within the ten-hour deadline.
Darpa increased the difficulty of the challenge further by not revealing the course until the morning of the day of the race, when CDs containing the route information were distributed.
The vehicles were thus required to navigate entirely without human intervention or guidance.
The course included a variety of terrain, including dirt paths, winding mountain roads, choke points, and both man-made and natural obstacles.
During the year before the race, Jai Pulnix worked closely with Stanford, donating time and equipment and helping the team select the proper camera for their application.
The Pulnix camera's combination of 24-bit colour, progressive scan, and a 60Hz frame rate provided the team the video data to guide the vehicle in real time.
The camera's wide dynamic range, colour definition, and high-speed shutter provided input to the system so it could make the best possible decisions as to what terrain was navigable.
In addition, the camera needed to be rugged and resistant to the shock, vibration, heat, and direct sunlight it would encounter in the desert.
The Cam2Net adapter was utilised because it reduced system complexity and easily converted the high-performance digital video into gigabit ethernet which could be ported into the Intel Blade servers for processing.
While some of the other teams used redundant systems and complex equipment to guide their vehicles, the Stanford approach was to rely on its software expertise and on off-the-shelf components to provide the most straightforward solution.
Therefore, it designed a three-part software system to get Stanley through.
GPS provided an overall position, Ladar provided near-field profiling of obstacles, and the video from the Pulnix camera gave Stanley the data needed to shift into high gear and drive beyond.
Said Hendrick Dahlkamp of the Stanford Racing Team: "The Pulnix camera gave Stanley the speed.
"Without it, we never would have won the race."
