A team of scientists from Iowa State University, the University of Florida, the University of Minnesota and Roche Nimblegen have announced the results of their research on the maize genome.
The results of the study have revealed unprecedented levels of structural variation and can now provide additional data to help determine differential traits and phenotypes across different strains of maize.
The findings were uncovered by using high-density Comparative Genomic Hybridization (CGH) microarrays from Roche Nimblegen, which provided the high-resolution data to precisely map out the genomic structural variation between different types of maize.
'There is a growing appreciation of the importance of genome structure diversity,' said Nathan Springer, associate professor in the Department of Plant Biology at University of Minnesota.
'The flexibility of Nimblegen allowed us to quickly design and implement a whole genome CGH study following the release of a reference maize genome.
'This microarray-based comparison of the structure of two maize lines reveals an extraordinary level of genomic variation within the maize species,' he added.
Maize is an economically important crop worldwide and has been an indispensable source of food for humans and animals since it was domesticated nearly 10,000 years ago.
Recently, it has also become an integral solution to growing energy needs as a source of bio-fuel.
The ability to understand this genome, which is nearly as large as a human genome but substantially more complex, is critical to ensuring the stability of this important crop for food and energy needs.
This study, which utilised the recently completed improved draft sequence of the maize genome, has furthered understanding of this crop by comparing two strains of maize, the agriculturally important B73 strain (present in nearly half of all hybrid corn globally) to Mo17.
Researchers discovered significant differences in DNA Copy Number Variation (CNV) and Presence/Absence Variation (PAV) of genomic regions between these strains using Nimblegen CGH arrays with 2.1 million features.
The researchers reported at least 180 intact single-copy genes that are present in one strain, but are absent in the other.
These differences may help explain the diversity of traits among strains including resistance to disease, robustness, drought tolerance and so on.
Further understanding of the molecular underpinnings of this diversity will help researchers breed better varieties of corn with higher yield potentials, improved stress resistance including for disease and drought conditions, all of which will enhance the ability of this crop to help meet the world's needs for food, feed, fibre and fuel.
'Our study revealed an unprecedented level of genome variation and the presence of many structural variations including differences in copy number and differences in gene content between the maize lines,' said Brad Barbazuk, assistant professor of biology at the University of Florida.
'Our success with the Nimblegen CGH arrays demonstrates their utility for examining genome variation within additional maize lines as well as in other crop systems, which will provide information necessary to improve future crop breeding programmes,' he added.
'Based on these exciting findings and the ease with which the data were collected, we will be using Nimblegen CGH arrays to further explore structural diversity among maize lines in an effort to connect it to phenotypic diversity,' said Patrick S Schnable, Baker Professor of Agronomy and director of Iowa State University's Center for Plant Genomics.
The results from this research were published as one of a series of papers that are now available on the open access online journal Public Library of Science (PLoS) Genetics.
